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A preliminary World Bank-led assessment of damage in six cities in Syria- Aleppo, Dar'a, Hama, Homs, Idlib, and Latakia-over seven sectors- housing, health, education, energy, water and sanitation, transport and agriculture-found an estimate of $3.6-4.5 billion as of end 2014. It also explores how economic fortunes will turn around if there is peace.įive years of war in Syria and spillovers to the neighboring countries (Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt) have cost close to an estimated USD 35 billion in output, measured in 2007 prices, equivalent to Syria’s GDP in 2007. The report examines the different ways in which civil wars are affecting the economies of the region, including the important channel of forced displacement, which has become a crisis. Being constrained by war, terrorism and to some extent cheap oil, short term growth prospects remain “cautiously pessimistic”. WASHINGTON February 4, 2016- The World Bank’s latest Quarterly Economic Brief for MENA has revised estimates of economic growth in MENA, at 2.6 percent in 2015, falling short of expectations from the 2.8 percent predicted in October. Democratic Republic of Congo - Français.Khashoggi, who was also a dissident, author, and columnist for The Washington Post, was murdered inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul in 2018. “The debate about the relationship between Islam and democracy conclusively ended with the coming of the Arab Spring,” said Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi in a 2018 speech.
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The tumult of the Arab Spring also showed autocratic governments-and the rest of the world-that millions of people living in Islamic nations believe in free expression and democratic governance. Nonetheless, the uprisings have shown the power of mass demonstrations and peaceful protest, as well as the ability of social media to both fuel protest and communicate its goals to the outside world.
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Since 2011, the goals of many Arab Spring protesters have been denied as autocratic governments regain power and crack down on civil liberties. “Arab Spring” was first used by American conservative commentators, but has since been challenged as an inadequate misnomer. Foreign intervention has failed to stop the war, which has displaced more than half of all Syrians and killed up to half a million people. After the Syrian government killed and imprisoned Arab Spring protesters, the country split into factions and sectarian violence broke out. The dream of democracy also proved fleeting in Syria, where the peaceful pro-democracy protesters were met with government opposition. The revolution ushered in an era of political chaos and instability in Egypt, which has continued to repress its citizens. The dramatic protests eventually forced Mubarak, who had ruled for 30 years, out of office. In Egypt, Cairo’s Tahrir Square was the site of 18 days of huge protests that brought together tens of thousands of Egyptians demanding that their president, Hosni Mubarak, step down. Learn what led to the American, French, Latin American, and Russian revolutions, as well as the characteristics commonly shared by nearly all political uprisings. Revolutions have brought about some of the most radical transformations in world history and politics. Soon anti-government demonstrations had erupted in Bahrain, where protesters demanded the release of political prisoners and human rights reforms Jordan Kuwait, whose parliament was dissolved in response to public pressure Libya, where a government crackdown on protesters sparked a civil war and Yemen, where massive protests sparked a political crisis and forced its president to step down. The protests in Tunisia-documented and shared by mobile devices-spread to neighboring countries. A month later, after 23 years in power, he fled to Saudi Arabia. They demonstrated against government corruption and Tunisia’s autocratic president, Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali.
Bouazizi had been harassed by police officers who attempted to shut down his business with no recourse, and his suicide by self-immolation galvanized Tunisian protesters. It started in TunisaĪfter Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor, killed himself in January 2011, Tunisians took to the streets.
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Pro-democratic protests, which spread rapidly due to social media, ended up toppling the governments of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen.īut though they seemed poised to install democratic leadership and quell government repression, the uprisings also led to armed conflict in some countries, including civil war in Syria, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen. By early 2011 they had spread into what became known as the Arab Spring-a wave of protests, uprisings, and unrest that spread across Arabic-speaking countries in North Africa and the Middle East. Beginning in December 2010, anti-government protests rocked Tunisia.
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